In North America over 2 million tons involve production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (Anon. Based on further information provided by CEPI, the average amount of calcium carbonate in European can be estimated as 8.4% and the average amount of kaolin products can be estimated as 3.2% relative to the mass of paper and paperboard. CEPI (2013) has estimated a proportion of about 14.6% non-fibrous content of paper products made in Europe. Those authors do not specify whether they are excluding ordinarily unfilled grades of paper such as linerboard and tissue however, if one combines the 8% figure with a world production of 403 million metric tons of paper and paperboard production in 2013 (RISI 2014), one can calculate about 32 million metric tons of mineral per year in the world as a high estimate. According to Chamberlain and Kirwan (2014), mineral products for wet-end addition and coatings make up 8% of the materials used in the paper industry. Worldwide, papermakers are using at least 6 to 8 million metric tons per year of minerals for filling and coating (Mackie and MacKenzie 1999). Table 1. Classification of Major Papermaking Fillers as either Natural or Synthetic Other minerals, such as talc and titanium dioxide, are mainly restricted to either the natural or the synthetic category of fillers, respectively. Some minerals, such as calcium carbonate, are available as fillers in both natural and synthetic forms. As shown in Table 1, it is possible to divide these materials into two main classes, natural and synthetic. The most widely used fillers for papermaking can be described as inorganic, particulate materials. 1958 Schwalbe 1962 Morris and Brooks 1973 Solomon and Hawthorne 1983 Koppelman 1984 Gill and Hagemeyer 1992 Scott 1996 Keegan 1999 Wypych 1999 Shen et al. 2009b). In particular, it is important to acknowledge the following review articles and book chapters (Anon. The job of summarizing the subject of fillers would be more difficult, except for the existence of previous review articles and book chapters. This review article considers the subject of fillers in general, emphasizing the results of past research work related to this subject. In addition to having a huge economic impact, fillers also provide a fascinating field for scientific and technological investigation. In terms of the amounts used, fillers rank second only to fibers themselves as an ingredient of paper. Keywords: Fillers Minerals products Calcium carbonate PCC Kaolin clay Titanium dioxideĬontact information: a: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 USA b: Revelation Concepts, LLC, 430 Barclay Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18017 corresponding author: the subject of this review article, can be defined as water-insoluble, particulate substances in the size range of about 0.1 to 10 µm that are added to slurries of cellulosic fibers before the formation of paper. The goal of this review is to provide background both for engineers working to make their paper products more competitive and for researchers aiming to achieve effects beyond the current state of the art.įillers for Papermaking: A Review of their Properties, Usage Practices, and their Mechanistic Role Optical properties of paper and strategies to maintain paper strength at higher filler levels are considered. The mechanisms by which fillers affect different paper properties is reviewed, as well as procedures for handling fillers in the paper mill and retaining them in the paper. This article considers methods of characterization, and then discusses the distinguishing features of widely available filler products. Technologists responsible for the production of paper can choose from a broad range of natural and synthetic mineral products, each of which has different characteristic shapes, size distributions, and surface chemical behavior. Issues of cost and product quality have caused papermakers to place increased attention on the use of mineral additives, which are the subject of this review article. "Fillers for papermaking: A review of their properties, usage practices, and their mechanistic role," BioRes.
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